HR+/HER2- Breast Cancer

1.6 million cases per year

Triple-negative breast cancer is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer defined by the absence of three common receptors that usually drive tumor growth: estrogen, progesterone, and HER2. Because it lacks these targets, traditional hormone therapies and HER2-targeted drugs do not work. At a molecular level, TNBC tumors often hijack growth pathways to compensate for these missing receptors, frequently overexpressing TROP2 to fuel their expansion. The disease progresses rapidly, often spreading to the lungs or brain more quickly than other breast cancer types. The lack of "anchors" for standard targeted drugs has historically left chemotherapy as the primary treatment option, which often leads to systemic toxicity and high rates of recurrence as the cancer develops resistance to general cell-killing agents.

Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)

Approximately 2.1 million new cases worldwide in 2024

Non-small cell lung cancer accounts for the vast majority of all lung cancer cases. It begins when the epithelial cells lining the airways undergo genetic mutations, often triggered by environmental toxins like cigarette smoke or pollution. These cells lose their ability to self-destruct when damaged, leading to the formation of tumors that obstruct breathing and eventually hijack the blood supply to fuel further growth. As the disease progresses, the cancer cells often develop resistance to common treatments like "checkpoint inhibitors" (immunotherapy), creating a desperate need for new ways to identify and kill the mutated lung cells without destroying the delicate lung tissue required for oxygen exchange.